The Book Of NUMBERS
Numbers 21:8 "And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole:
and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live."
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CHAPTER 28:
Following the pattern of updates or reviews of current law after an incident of national disobedience and judgment by God (refer back to the table in chapter 26), chapters 28 and 29 are God’s instructions to Moses regarding the burnt offerings and sacrifices. Chapter 28 is arranged thusly: the daily burnt offerings (v.2-8), the weekly Sabbath offering (9-10), the monthly offerings (11-15), and the annual offerings arranged in chronological sequence (v.16 – 29:38). The primary purpose of these instructions are to remind the new generation that is preparing to enter the promised land of their covenantal obligations once they have conquered and settled in the land. This is also a reminder of how their fathers failed the Lord by not obeying His commandments, part of which includes the sacrificial system of burnt offerings. Verses 1-8: The daily offerings were first covered in Exodus 29:38-42 and Leviticus 1-7. These are for the atonement of daily sins, a reminder to every Israelite of their constant uncleanness before God and their need of regular, consistent atonement. All of us are sinners, even after salvation, for we must continue to live in our fallen, wicked flesh until we receive our new, uncorrupted bodies, either in death in this life or immediately following the second coming of Christ. This means that we sin every day, and before the death of Christ at Calvary the only way to atone for sin was the daily burnt offering, once in the morning and once in the evening, of “…two lambs of the first year without spot…”. (v.3) Verses 9-10: The Sabbath day required the daily burnt offerings as well as an additional meat offering and burnt offering of two more lambs of the first year without blemish or spot. Verses 11-15: The first day of each month, which is also the new moon in the Jewish calendar, requires burnt, grain and drink offerings, as well as a sin offering of a male goat. (1 Samuel 20:5, 1 Chronicles 23:31, 2 Chronicles 2:4, Ezra 3:5, Nehemiah 10:33) The first day of the month is also one of the occasions for which God commanded the blowing of trumpets. (Numbers 10:10) Verses 16-25: Further instructions regarding the Feast of Unleavened Bread are given here. (Leviticus 23:6) This feast follows the day of Passover, which is the fourteenth day of the first month, and lasts for seven days. (Leviticus 23:5, Numbers 9:2, Deuteronomy 16:1, Ezekiel 45:21) The first and seventh days are to be treated as sabbaths (v.18, 25), with an assembly by the whole congregation on both days. In addition to the usual daily offerings, the ones described in these verses are also to be done on each day of the feast, a combination of burnt, meat, drink, and sin offerings. (v.23) Verses 26-31: These verses pertain to the Feast of Weeks, a.k.a. firstfruits. (Exodus 23:16, 34:22, Leviticus 23:10, Deuteronomy 16:9, Acts 2:1) This is the festival that is held in the summer months, starting at the end of the barley harvest but before the beginning of the wheat harvest. As with the other sacrifices described in this chapter, the burnt, meat, and sin offerings on this day are in addition to the other daily offerings. This day is also a sabbath requiring an assembly of the people. (v.26) CHAPTER 29: Verses 1-6: Throughout scripture, the number seven is a holy number, and this is especially seen here in the OT in the Mosaic Law. These verses are a review of the Feast of Trumpets (Leviticus 23:24-25), which takes place on the first day of the seventh month, which is named Tishri in the Jewish calendar. (In the modern calendar this is somewhere around September/October.) The trumpets are blown on this day to call the people to “…an holy convocation…” (v.1), referring to an assembly of the whole congregation. As with all the other festival days, this day is to be a sabbath where no work is done except that which is necessary to gather the people together and prepare the feast. And, same as the other holidays described in chapter 28, this day is also to have a burnt, meat, and sin offering in addition to the other daily offerings. (v.6) Notice, also, that each of these special sacrifices and offerings requires either seven or fourteen lambs of the first year. Verses 7-11: This is referencing the Day of Atonement, the one day every year when the high priest was allowed to enter the holy of holies within the tabernacle to atone for the sins of the nation. (Leviticus 16:29-30, 23:27-28) As with the first day of this month, there is an additional burnt, meat, and sin offering required, and this day is a sabbath with a national assembly required as well. The phrase “…ye shall afflict your souls…” appears again in this passage, just as it did in the original command from Leviticus. (Psalm 35:13, Isaiah 58:5) This day is to be a special one for all the people, a time set aside to reflect on their sins and to humbly seek God’s face by atoning with the proper offerings and sacrifices. To afflict one’s soul is to contemplate our wretched state before a holy and righteous God, and to earnestly seek His mercy and forgiveness. That is the whole purpose behind this special day. Verses 12-38: The last feast to be reviewed is the Feast of Booths. This begins on the fifteenth day of the seventh month and lasts for a total of eight days. (v. 12, 35) This, too, was first described in Leviticus 23:39-43, and it commemorates the time immediately following the exodus from Egypt when the Israelites dwelt in temporary shelters in the wilderness. On each day there’s a specific number of bullocks, rams, lambs, and one goat kid to be sacrificed along with a daily meat offering. The ingredients of the meat offering are split up between the bulls, rams, and lambs as part of their individual offerings, same as with all the other blood sacrifices described in this chapter and the previous one. On each day there is one less bull to sacrifice, and the eighth day is a sabbath with a holy assembly of all the nation, same as the previous festivals. (Leviticus 23:36) Verses 39-40: This chapter closes with a reminder from the LORD that these appointed feasts and their respective sacrifices and offerings are not optional for the children of Israel. There is also an exhortation to bring the other voluntary offerings throughout the year as well. These are listed once more in verse 39: the votive, freewill, meat, drink, burnt, and peace offerings. (Leviticus 7:16, 22:18, 21, 23, 23:38) Moses faithfully relays all these commands to the children of Israel.
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CHAPTER 9:
Verses 1-5: The children of Israel observe the passover, once again demonstrating complete obedience to God and His servant Moses. (v.4-5) (Leviticus 23:5, Numbers 28:16, Deuteronomy 16:1-2) “…according to all that the Lord commanded Moses, so did the children of Israel.” Complete submission and obedience to God is a beautiful thing, and it brings infinite blessings! This is demonstrated time and again throughout the Old Testament, both in Israel as a nation as well as in the individual lives of those who obeyed God when the nation was in rebellion. Verses 6-14: A situation now arises where some of the men of Israel have become “…defiled by the dead body of a man…” (v.6) and, thus, they cannot observe the passover as prescribed by God because of the newly established law of God regarding those who are unclean by accidental defilement. (Leviticus 5:2-3, 21:1, 11, Numbers 5:2, 19:11, John 18:28) The men acknowledge to Moses their desire to obey God by observing and celebrating the passover, but they also do not want to violate God’s law concerning the sacrifices and offerings that are an integral part of the passover ritual. (v.7) Nor do they want to wait another whole year in order to properly observe this sacred ritual. Moses demonstrates one of the fundamental qualities of a godly leader. “Stand still, and I will hear what the Lord will command concerning you.” (v.8) (Exodus 18:22, Numbers 27:5) As he has always done since first taking on the mantle of leadership at the burning bush on the backside of the desert, Moses turns to the Lord for guidance and direction. God, in turn, demonstrates compassion and mercy, acknowledging the genuine desire of His children to obey Him in all things. He provides an exception to the law, allowing the men to observe all ordinances of the passover on the 14th day in the second month at twilight. (v.10-12) (2 Chronicles 30:2, 15) This exception not only applies to those who are unclean, but also anyone who is traveling outside the homeland and is unable to be present with his/her family at the time of the passover. But God also delivers a warning and a reminder: those that are clean and are present at home who choose not to obey the law of the passover and all its ordinances as prescribed by God will suffer God’s wrath and immediate judgment. (v.13: “…the same soul shall be cut off from among his people…”) This law also applies to any non-Israelite that happens to be residing among God’s chosen people and also desires to participate in the passover. (v.14) Verses 15-23: This chapter concludes with another repetition, similar to that of chapter 7. Five times in these eight verses Moses emphasizes the presence of the cloud resting atop the tabernacle. (v.15-16, 19, 21-22) (Exodus 40:33-34, Nehemiah 9:12, 19, Psalm 78:14) Twice he states that at night the cloud turned into a pillar of fire. (v.15-16) (Exodus 13:21-22, 40:38) Three times he says that as long as the cloud rested upon the tabernacle the children of Israel remained where they camped. And when the cloud lifted up and moved, the Israelites broke camp and followed. (v.17-21) (Exodus 40:36, Numbers 10:11-12, 33-34, Psalm 80:1) As with chapter 7, the repetition seems unnecessary and dull. But, again, remember the theme of this entire book: obedience. Moses is emphasizing the obedience of Israel to all that God has commanded them here in the beginning of their journey. They started out in the right place, worshiping and obeying God in every aspect of their daily lives. They did not move camp until God directed them to do so, and when it was time to move on they followed immediately. In the meantime they brought their daily and seasonal sacrifices and offerings to the priests at the tabernacle as prescribed by the law, and they celebrated and observed the yearly rituals and feasts as also directed by Moses in God’s law. As I noted in my commentary of Exodus, Israel’s salvation from slavery in Egypt is a picture of our salvation today from certain damnation in hell. And, like Israel, obedience to God in our new life is somewhat easy at first. We are so grateful for our new purpose and our rescue from death and hell, and our joy at being free from the burden of the guilt of her sin is so great that we eagerly strive to obey God in all things. Our desire for Him and His word is a hunger that we satiate by studying our Bible and joining with fellow Christians every week to worship God and fellowship with one another. But you and I know that, as time goes on, the devil does not let go of us so easily, and our flesh gets in the way of our obedience to our new master, Jesus Christ. Obedience to God does not come so quickly and easily, and sometimes we stray, just Israel did, especially as they got closer to the promised land. Moses is emphasizing Israel’s obedience here in the beginning in order to contrast their disobedience later on. “At the commandment of the Lord they rested in the tents, and at the commandment of the Lord they journeyed: they kept the charge of the Lord, at the commandment of the Lord by the hand of Moses.” (v.23) CHAPTER 10: This chapter marks the first major section break in the book of Numbers. As noted earlier, the Israelites have been at Mount Sinai for a total of eleven months, ever since Exodus 19. It’s been about thirteen months altogether since their exodus from Egypt. This chapter also gives evidence of the seeds of disobedience that will bear bitter fruit later on. Verses 1-10: God gives Moses instructions for crafting two silver trumpets that are to be used by the priests for a variety of purposes. (v.2) The first is to summon the whole nation to the door of the tabernacle (v.3) (Isaiah 1:13, Jeremiah 4:5, Joel 2:15) or just the tribal leaders (v.4). The trumpets will also serve as a signal for the camp to break and begin marching. (v.5-6) Later on, in their conquering of the promised land, the trumpets will sound the call to arms in preparation for battle. (v.9) (Numbers 31:6, Joshua 6:5, 2 Chronicles 13:14) They are also to be used to announce occasions of celebration, victory, holidays, and the burnt offerings and sacrifices at the beginning of each month. (v.10) (Leviticus 23:24, Numbers 29:1, 1 Chronicles 15:24, 2 Chronicles 5:12, Psalm 81:3) When it’s time to move camp, a specific set of trumpet blasts signals the tribes on the east side to begin marching first. (v.5) A second set of blasts signals those on the south side to begin marching. (v.6) Although the tribes on the north and west sides are not mentioned here, we can presume that a third, fourth, and fifth set of trumpet blasts will be the signal for them – as well as the tribe of Levi – to begin moving forward. Once again, God’s character trait of order and detail is on display here. He is giving Moses and the priests an effective method of directing all the tribes in a planned and coordinated tactical movement when it’s time to break camp. God is a God of order and precision, and no detail is left out or unnoticed. The trumpets themselves are each crafted from a single sheet of pure silver. (v.2) John MacArthur states, “According to a Jewish tradition, these instruments were between twelve and twenty inches long and had a narrow tube that was flared at the end.” The Cornerstone Biblical Commentary adds that the sheet of silver was hammered and molded around a wooden core in the shape of a trumpet. Two such instruments were found in King Tut’s tomb (c. 1325 B.C.). It's also interesting to note here the parallel to Israel’s march towards the promised land – which is signaled by a trumpet blast – and our own rapture from this world at the sound of a trumpet that signals Jesus’ second coming. (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17) Believers today are pilgrims in this world looking towards our promised land of heaven and the blessed reunion with our Lord and savior, Jesus Christ! Amen! Verses 11-28: In the twentieth day of the second month of the second year after the exodus from Egypt, the children of Israel finally break camp and begin following the cloud. (v.11) (Exodus 40:36, Numbers 9:17) They have rested at Mount Sinai for almost a year (Exodus 19:1, Numbers 1:1, 9:5), and God now leads them to the wilderness of Paran. (v.12) (Genesis 21:21, Numbers 12:16, Deuteronomy 1:1) During the process of breaking camp we see the first hint of Israel’s disobedience of God’s commands. The tribes are marching out in the same order as they were listed in chapter 2, but verse 17 here states that the Gershonites and the Merarites, after breaking down the tabernacle, begin following after the tribes of Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. (v.14-16) (Numbers 1:51, 2:3) Yet chapter 2 clearly states that the whole tribe of Levi is to march together after the second group which is the tribes of Reuben, Simeon, and Gad. (Numbers 2:10, 16-17) This is such a small detail, but it’s significant, especially given how meticulous Moses has been in describing the nation’s obedience thus far to God’s every command, both major and minor. After the second group comes the Kohathites (v.21), bearing the dishes, utensils, and other furnishings of the tabernacle. It makes sense for them to follow the other two clans since those two are bearing the framework and curtains of the tabernacle itself. That needs to be set up and erected before the Kohathites arrive so that all the furnishings can immediately be placed inside the tabernacle by the priests. Only they are allowed to unwrap and touch the holy things. (Numbers 4:15) After the Kohathites comes the third and fourth groups under the standards of Ephraim and Dan, respectively. (Numbers 2:18, 25, Joshua 6:9) Verses 29-32: Here is another foreshadowing of disobedience. Moses asks his brother-in-law, Hobab, to journey with Israel in order to be their guide. (v.31) Hobab is the son of Reuel, Moses’ father-in-law, the Midianite. (Exodus 2:18, 3:1, 18:12) (As I noted in my commentary of Exodus, it’s unclear in the Pentateuch why there are different names in the English translation for Moses’ father-in-law.) This scene with Moses and Hobab is especially significant given the emphasis that Moses placed in the previous chapter on the cloud resting on the tabernacle by day and the pillar of fire by night. (Numbers 2:15-23) This chapter also concludes with mention of the cloud leading Israel on their march to Paran. (v.33-34) In the words of the Moody commentators, “This request by Moses could be viewed as his ‘Plan B’. If the cloud was not a dependable guide, he had a backup plan or at least a viable second opinion. Even if Hobab knew possible routes and food sources, the size of the nation at this time would seem to neutralize any tactical wisdom Hobab could offer. Looking at the way Moses framed the request may also offer some subtle hints as to his motivation. […] Moses may have been asking Hobab to function as the surrogate “Lord” or the “cloud.” It seems clear from this passage and the one above about the order of the tribes as they marched out that Moses is highlighting the seeds of doubt and disobedience that will, unfortunately, cause the current generation to wander in the desert for forty years and never see the promised land. Hobab does eventually agree to go with Moses (Judges 4:11), and one wonders if Israel’s history within the promised land would have been different if Moses and Israel had trusted God right here at the start of their journey and just let Hobab return to Jethro. (Judges 6-8) This minor plot detail is also interesting in light of the origins of the Midianites. (Genesis 25:1-4) Verses 33-36: Mount Sinai is once again referred to as “..the mount of the Lord…”. (v.33) (Exodus 3:1, Deuteronomy 1:6) According to my study Bible, the region known as Paran covers much of the northern and some of the southern Sinai peninsula, as well as Arabah. (Numbers 13:26, 1 Kings 11:18) Verse 33 is the first mention in scripture of the phrase “…ark of the covenant…”. Israel follows the ark faithfully for three days while God searched “…out a resting place for them.” Verses 35 and 36 are another example of one of the many prayers of Moses that can be found throughout the Pentateuch. “…Rise up, Lord, and let thine enemies be scattered; and them that hate thee flee before thee.” (v.35) (Psalm 68:1-2, 132:8, Isaiah 17:12) “…Return, O Lord, unto the many thousands of Israel.” (v.36) It’s hard not to read these two verses – which close out not only this chapter but a very large section of the Pentateuch on such a high note – and not feel some sadness at how quickly and how far the children of Israel fall away from God. They had such a promising beginning and yet it didn’t take them long to grumble and complain and rise up against both Moses and the Lord their God. And yet, I cannot judge them too harshly, for I am no better. Israel’s journey immediately following their salvation from Egypt is a picture of all of us whom God has saved from eternity in Hell. Most new believers, especially those saved in adulthood, struggle immensely against their flesh and the sins of their old life. New faith is fragile and the process of trust and sanctification is a lifetime of work. It’s a marathon, not a sprint, as the common saying goes, and it’s best to just savor the positive note and prayer that closes this chapter. Israel’s obedience to God thus far since the exodus from Egypt is worth noting and celebrating. There’s plenty of time later to contemplate and mourn their disobedience and apostasy. |
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