 CHAPTER 11:
Verses 1-5: During the various battles between Israel and the southern cities of Canaan, news of Israel’s victories reaches the northern cities and their kings. (v.1) According to the notes in my study Bible, Hazor is a heavily fortified city located on the main road between Egypt and Mesopotamia, about 10 miles northwest of the Sea of Galilee (or Chinneroth, as it was known before Israel conquered the promised land) in northern Palestine. As did King Adoni-zedek in the previous chapter, King Jabin of Hazor forms an alliance with his fellow rulers of the nearby cities of Madon, Shimron, and Achshaph, as well as the regions of Chinneroth and Dor. (v.2) Verse 3 makes it clear that he even sends word to the Amorites, Hittites, and the Perizzites, all of whom are currently engaged in battle against the Israelites as described in the previous chapter. Verse 4 states that the army which Jabin assembled at Merom (v.5) is as great in number “…as the sand that is upon the sea shore…with horses and chariots very many.” The Moody Bible Commentary quotes the renowned Roman historian Josephus as saying, “…the number of the whole army was three hundred thousand armed footmen, and ten thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand chariots…”. That is a mighty and powerful force indeed! It very likely outnumbers the Israelite forces at least two to one, else God would not have spoken encouraging words to Joshua in verse 6. Verses 6-15: Once again, God promises the victory to His chosen people. He tells Joshua to not be afraid of the enemy, “…for to morrow about this time will I deliver them up all slain before Israel…”. (v.6) The word “hough” is found four times in scripture, the first two being here in Joshua 11. (The other passages are 2 Samuel 8:4 and 1 Chronicles 18:4.) The term refers to the severing of the tendons in the horse’s hind legs, thus permanently crippling it. Horses and chariots were the primary symbols of military might and power in the ANE. Thus, when God tells Joshua that the Israelite army will easily hamstring the enemy’s horses and then burn their chariots, this is indeed a great promise and encouragement! Emboldened by the word of the LORD, the Israelite army descends upon the enemy camps at Merom with sudden ferocity and soundly defeats all of the kings’ forces. (v.7-9) Just as he did with the five southern kings, Joshua executes all of the northern kings, and then burns the city of Hazor. (v.10-13) King Jabin of Hazor was the ringleader and orchestrator of the alliance against Israel (v.10), so that’s why Hazor is destroyed. All the other cities, however, are left standing, and all their spoil is plundered by Israel. (v.14) As Moses had commanded by God’s word (v.15), the Israelites “…smote all the souls that were therein with the edge of the sword, utterly destroying them: there was not any left to breathe…”. (v.11) This is confirmed again in verse 14. Verses 16-20: With the exception of Achan’s sin and the alliance with the Hivites, the Israelites had done all that God had commanded them in regards to conquering the promised land. (v.16-17) Verse 20 confirms that God had hardened the hearts of the Canaanites, just as He did with Pharoah and the Egyptians, in order that His judgment against them for their rebellion and wickedness would be fulfilled. (Genesis 15:16) Like the Egyptians, it was the choice of the Canaanites to reject God first, and because of that God hardened their hearts. Now His judgment against them is complete. (v.20) Verses 21-22: There is a footnote here regarding the Anakim, the giants that the ten spies were so fearful of. (Numbers 13:32-33) Joshua and Caleb had, of course, been right in their defense of God’s power and ability to deliver even these into Israel’s hand, as proven in this chapter. The author notes that the only giants now left alive are in the Philistine cities of Gath and Ashdod. Gath, as we already know, is the home of the giant named Goliath whom David, the future king of Israel, will slay with a single stone. (1 Samuel 17:4, 49) Verse 23: All of the land that was promised to the descendants of Abraham is now under the dominion of Israel, “…according to all that the LORD said unto Moses…”. (Exodus 33:2, Numbers 34:2) The next step is for Joshua to divide up the land among the twelve tribes as instructed by Moses. (Numbers 26:53) “And the land rested from war.” God had promised to deliver this land into the hands of His chosen people as the inheritance of Abraham, and He had made good on that promise. Now, as a reward for this generation’s obedience, He gives the Israelites rest from all their enemies. (Deuteronomy 12:9-10, 25:19, Hebrews 4:8) CHAPTER 12: As is common with oral and written records of the ANE, this chapter is a closing summary/recap of Israel’s victorious conquering of the promised land. The Moody Bible Commentary puts it this way: Chapter 12 “…has the feel of a formal, holy convocation, a stately march through the fraternal graveyard of deceased kings sharing alike in a failed attempt to thwart God’s purposes.” Verses 1-6: These are a summary of the victories led by Moses before the Israelites crossed the Jordan into the promised land. (v.1) Sihon and Og were the kings defeated there, and the dimensions of all their land and kingdoms is stated again in verses 2-5. Their land is what was given to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh. (v.6) (Numbers 32:29, Deuteronomy 3:12, Joshua 13:8) There is mention again of Og being related to the Anakim. (v.4) Verses 7-24: The remainder of the chapter is a list of the kings conquered on this side of the Jordan, starting with Jericho. The only people missing from the list in verse 8 are the Gibeonites. The total number of conquered kings and armies is thirty-one (v.24), and they are listed in the order of the battles from south to north. (v.9-24) (Deuteronomy 7:24) It’s necessary to note here that while the kings and their armies were defeated, not all the cities were actually conquered by Israel in this initial campaign. Jerusalem and Gezer, for example, will not be taken for many centuries yet. (2 Samuel 5:6-9, 1 Kings 9:16) Verse 14 mentions the kings Hormah and Arad, two victories that were actually achieved first under Moses. (Numbers 21:1-3) A possible explanation of this is that in the time between those initial battles and the campaigns led by Joshua, some of the Canaanites had re-settled in those two cities, thus requiring the Israelites to conquer them a second time. Also, the fact that Beth-el is not listed as being conquered until after the battle at Makkedah indicates that, while its armies had initially assisted the King of Ai, the king of Beth-el and his city was not actually defeated by Israel until later on.
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Verses 1-3: Although this the first mention of the proper name “Jerusalem” in the Bible (v.1), it was already mentioned once before in Genesis 14:18 as its original name, “Salem”. “Jerusalem”, from the original Hebrew word “yerûshâlaim” (also spelled “yerûshâlayim”), means “teaching of peace” according to Strong’s Concordance and the Brown-Driver-Briggs Bible dictionary. Here in Joshua 10, at the time of Israel’s southern conquest of Canaan, Jerusalem’s king is named in verse 1 as Adoni-zedek. When the news of Jericho’s and Ai’s destruction – as well as Gibeon’s new alliance with Israel – reaches the king, he is understandably fearful and sends messengers to four other nearby cities (Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon). (v.3) Gibeon is described in verse 2 as “…a great city, one of the royal cities…”, and Adoni-zedek is afraid that their alliance with Israel will spell certain doom for him and the kings of those nearby cities.
Verses 4-9: Jerusalem’s king proposes a conquest of Gibeon (v.4), and the four other kings agree. All five of them – and the Gibeonites – belong to the people known as the Amorites (v.5), and they waste no time in setting up an offensive perimeter around Gibeon. The king of Gibeon immediately dispatches men to Joshua and the elders of Israel to ask to ask for their help. (v.6) Because of the oath made in chapter 9, Joshua and all the army of Israel answer the call of the Gibeonites, marching all night to reach the city. (v.7, 9) God tells Joshua to “Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine hand…” (v.8) Verses 10-15: God’s method of judgment against the Amorites is to “…cast down great stones from heaven upon them…” (v.11) which causes so much confusion and chaos in the enemy camps that the soldiers are already fleeing from Israel as soon as Joshua and his army arrive at Gibeon. The term “hailstones” in verse 11 indicates a meteorological event instead of just a meteorite shower. Once again, God proves Himself to be the creator and master of all things, manipulating the physical world and its natural elements to bring about His divine will. Verse 11 also confirms that it was the Lord who did most of the killing of the enemy, not Israel. But the battle has only just begun by the time day breaks, and Joshua asks the Lord to make the sun and the moon to stand still above Gibeon and the valley of Ajalon, respectively. (v.12) God honors the request, and the Israelites are victorious in their defeat of the Amorites. (v.13) There is no other record in scripture of a day such as this one, where the earth’s orbit around the sun is temporarily suspended by the supernatural power of God. (v.14) Many supposed “Biblical scholars” – as well as unbelievers – scoff at the notion that the earth was, in fact, halted in its orbit around the sun. They put their faith in science, stating that this violates all the known laws of physics. They claim that if the earth was indeed stopped in its orbital path that it would have disastrous consequences for all life on the planet. The counter argument that they present is that this account in chapter 10 is a poetic style of writing, using mythological imagery to depict a day where time only seemed to stand still for the Israelites and their enemies. The Bible is the divinely inspired, holy word of God. It’s not just another great work of literature. It’s not mythology or poetry, although it does contain passages of poetic songs. And while the New Testament contains passages of parables spoken by Jesus that are meant to be read as allegories, the whole of scripture is not an allegory. The Bible is history. It is literal, historical fact. The Bible is the recorded history of the creation of the universe, the planet earth, and mankind. Every event described therein is literal, historical fact. Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed by fire from heaven, not just a random meteorological event. The ten plagues on Egypt were miraculous signs and wonders caused by Almighty God, not just some random weather phenomena. The Red Sea which God parted for His people was exactly what the label says: a massive, deep body of water which could not be crossed without a ship. It was not a pond, or a river, or some shallow, narrow pool of water that could be easily traversed on foot. And when Joshua cried unto the LORD and asked for the sun and the moon to stand still in the sky so that the Israelites could have the victory that God had promised them, God honored His servant’s request and did just that. He stopped the earth’s orbit around the sun for as long as was needed for Joshua and the army to utterly defeat the Amorites. The God that hung the stars upon nothing in the vastness of outer space, that spoke the sun into being and then set the planets of our solar system in their orbits, hanging them upon nothing, is the same God that can easily stop those planets in their orbit while also preserving all life on the earth. It is the hand of God that holds together the atom, that breathed life into dust to create Adam, and that allows by His grace and mercy the lungs of every living being to draw breath. To recognize this is to truly understand our utterly helpless state as mortal, fragile beings in the presence of Almighty God, the creator and sustainer of all things. And once we understand and accept that, it’s easy to believe that the sun and the moon stood still in the sky on this day when the LORD gave glorious victory to His people! Verse 13 references the book of Jasher as further proof of this miraculous act of God. That book is also mentioned in 2 Samuel 1:18. Jude 14 references the prophecies of Enoch which, along with the book of Jasher, was obviously not included by God in the final text of His holy word that you and I are reading today. Jasher and Enoch are part of what is commonly known today as the Apocrypha, a collection of ancient writings from the first century that were eventually included in the Catholic bible. But the Apocrypha is not true scripture, and that’s one reason that Catholicism is a false religion, for much of the Apocrypha directly contradicts divinely inspired scripture. Only the 66 books of the KJV 1611 AV Bible are God’s perfectly preserved holy word in modern English. Therefore, even though those non-canonical texts are occasionally mentioned within scripture, they shouldn’t be treated as divinely inspired, and one should be very careful when reading and studying them. They do provide some interesting and fascinating historical context for the writing that was included in the final version of the Bible as we know it today, but that is all. The Apocrypha should not be taken as God’s divinely inspired and preserved word. There’s something else worth noting here: God honored the newly formed alliance between Israel and the Gibeonites even though Joshua and the elders had sinned by not consulting with God first. And because of that pact the Gibeonites were spared from God’s judgment against all the peoples of Canaan, which means that Israel compounded that sin by disobeying God’s original command to Moses to wipe out all of the Canaanites. Yet God still promised Joshua victory against the Amorites and, as I noted in the commentary of chapter 9, God even punished Israel because King Saul killed some Gibeonites during his reign, an act that directly violated that vow of Joshua and the elders. (2 Samuel 21:1-2) This, then, begs the interesting question of why God did not punish Israel by causing the Amorites to defeat them. In essence, God seems to approve of Israel’s sin by giving them the victory over the Amorites as well as punishing Israel later on for Saul’s killing of the Gibeonites. The best answer to this is that God always allows us the consequences of our actions, even if those choices made of our own free will directly conflict with His will and direction for our lives. God also chooses at His discretion whether or not He will bless us or chasten us, even when we directly disobey His commands. Because the Israelites did not wipe out the Gibeonites from the start, there was disastrous consequences for the nation many generations later. Israel and Judah’s apostasy and eventual enslavement by the Babylonians was a direct result of their ancestors’ disobedience here during the conquest and settlement of the promised land. In the meantime, however, God chose to be merciful to Joshua and the Israelites by giving them the victory over the Amorites. That doesn’t necessarily mean that He approved of their treaty with the Gibeonites, but it does demonstrate His faithfulness to His chosen people even when they were unfaithful and disobedient to Him. This is proven time and again throughout scripture, especially here in the Old Testament. God might reward the Israelites with victories in the short term, but He never withheld the consequences of their disobedience in the long run. Our sinful choices will always bear some form of fruit, but sometimes that fruit doesn’t appear until many years – or even decades – later in our lives. It also helps to keep in mind that God is omniscient, meaning that He already knows what choices we’re going to make in our lives, and He’s already worked those outcomes into His divine will and plan for our lives. Yes, every impulsive and stupid choice we make – which then forces us to live with those adverse consequences – has already been factored in to God’s plan for each of our lives, just as it was here for Joshua and the Israelites. God is never taken by surprise or caught unawares by our choices and actions. There’s no such thing as a last minute change of plan on His part. So the fact that He gave Israel the victory over the Amorites was always part of His plan from the beginning. Verses 16-27: The five Amorite kings are discovered to be hiding in a cave, and Joshua orders the entrance to be sealed, thus imprisoning the kings. (v.18) There’s no need to post guards, for God has given the Israelites the victory over all the kings’ armies. (v.19) When the battle is finally over, and all the enemy forces have been defeated, Joshua orders the kings to be brought before him and the elders of Israel. (v.22-23) Naming each of the kings and the city that he commanded was a tradition in the ANE, a solemn pronouncement of death for those vanquished in war. (v.23) Joshua summons the captains of Israel’s army and orders them to pin each king to the ground by placing their feet upon their necks. (v.24) This, too, was a tradition in the ANE, for the warlords who had gained great victory in battle against their foes. Joshua then declares victory in the name of the Lord, reminding all the people that they have no need to fear their enemies. God will do to Israel’s enemies what Joshua is about to do to the five Amorite kings. (v.25) While the text doesn’t give details, we can logically presume that Joshua either decapitated the kings or simply drove his sword through their backs. Afterwards, the bodies are hung on trees for all to see, a warning to all the other Canaanite nations of what is coming for them. Per Mosaic law, the bodies are taken down at sunset and cast into the same cave where the kings had hid themselves earlier. (v.27) (Deuteronomy 21:22-23) At the time of the writing of this book the stones are still present at the mouth of that cave. Verses 28-43: The remainder of the chapter describes the conquering of the southern cities of Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, Gezer, Eglon, Hebron, and Debir. Every last citizen is killed and each of their kings executed in the same manner as the five Amorite kings and the king of Jericho. (v.28, 30, 32-33, 35, 37, 39) Verse 40 confirms that that Joshua “…left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel commanded.” From Kadesh-barnea to Gaza to Goshen and Gibeon, the Israelites are victorious “…because the Lord God of Israel fought for Israel.” (v.42) With the southern campaign completed, Joshua and the army return to the camp at Gilgal. (v.43) |
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